Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine (IDHM) is an international, Open Access, peer-reviewed, authoritative journal providing basic and applied research. The Journal publishes original research reports, editorials, letters to the editor, rapid communications, case studies and reviews articles focusing on all aspects of infectious disease and herbal medicine including geographic, seasonal, and other risk factors that influence the transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, management, and prevention of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, and identifies global trends that have the potential to result in major epidemics. Welcome to Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine: a message from the Editor-in-Chief Welcome to the online-only, international, Open Access, peer-reviewed journal, Infectious Diseases and Herbal Medicine (IDHM). The journal focuses on all aspects of infectious disease and herbal medicine including geographic, seasonal, and other risk factors that influence the transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, management and prevention of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, and identifies global trends that have the potential to result in major epidemics. This journal examines the current role of herbal medicine in infectious disease. Plant chemicals are useful for infection control and with the increasing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to standard therapies, the alternative treatments are being re-explored with some urgency. IDHM publishes original articles, reports, editorials, letters to the editor, rapid communications, case studies, and reviews, providing a venue for integrated and global approaches to infectious and herbal medicine. Our audience might be veterinary and medical scientists, infectious disease specialists, pharmacology specialists, virologists and public health researchers among others. It is an honor for me to lead this new journal, also given the wide breadth of this rapidly-evolving field. Since a single person cannot handle the whole editorial process alone, a small and selected group of Associate Editors has been appointed, and I would like to thank them for what will come. Similarly, I would like to thank PAGEPress Publications for supporting me through this thrilling new journey. I look forward to working with all of you in your role as authors, reviewers or editors. As Editor-in-Chief, I welcome suggestions, discussions and thoughts from authors and readers to help me understand and address any concerns about the Journal. Our online platform allows easy submission and fair peer-review in line with the principles of Open Access publishing. With the cooperation of the Editorial Board and all of you, I do hope that the journal quality and recognition will grow significantly. I am sure you will join me in my goal of working to make IDHM a great international journal. Dr. Faham Khamesipour Founder and Editor-in-Chief
PAGEPress Scientific Publications, Pavia, Italy
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
Effect of leaf and stem extract of Rhazya stricta, calotropis, paper mulberry and ricinus on control of bacterial blight of pomegranate
Pomegranate blight is a serious disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas. axonopodis pv. punicae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the invitro activity of leaf and stem extracts of four medicinal plants, Rhazya stricta, Calotropis procera, Morus alba (black moss tree) and Ricinus communis, against bacterial blight pathogen. The extracts were prepared using solvent extraction and tested for infectivity using disk diffusion. The results showed that all the plant extracts showed different anti-microbial activities. Among the tested extracts, R. stricta and C. procera showed the highest inhibitory effects on bacterial growth. These findings suggest that these plant extracts could be potential sources of natural antimicrobial agents for the management of bacterial blight of pomegranate. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of these extracts under field conditions and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for their antibacterial activity.
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Passive airborne microbial reduction through herbal smoke - a study using cow dung Sambrani
The objective of this paper was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of smoke generated from cow dung Sambrani, a traditional herbal incense, in reducing airborne microbial populations, and to evaluate its potential as a natural, safe alternative to chemical air disinfectants. Airborne microbial samples were collected in controlled indoor environments before and after exposure to Sambrani smoke. The microbial load of bacteria and fungi was quantified using culture-based methods. Physical parameters such as temperature and exposure time were standardized and recorded. Statistical analysis determined the significance of microbial reduction. Exposure to cow dung Sambrani smoke resulted in a significant reduction (p<0.05) of airborne bacterial and fungal counts, with up to a 65% decrease in fungal spores and a 58% decrease in bacterial Colony-Forming Units (CFUs). The smoke exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects without adverse impact on air quality or room temperature. This study provides quantitative evidence supporting the traditional Indian practice of using Sambrani smoke for air purification. It bridges the gap in scientific validation of herbal smoke’s antimicrobial properties and offers a culturally integrated, eco-friendly alternative to toxic chemical disinfectants amid rising antimicrobial resistance.
Good bacteria gone awry: probiotic-induced bacteremia in a vulnerable patient - a unique case report
Probiotics have gained immense popularity as an over-the-counter supplement in recent years. Many people use probiotics to promote gastrointestinal and immunologic health. However, there is not much concrete evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of these ingested capsules of foreign bacterial content and their potential to become opportunistic pathogens. Special populations, such as immunocompromised patients, may try these supplements for their touted benefits and the label of being naturally occurring, but they can unknowingly cause undue harm to their health. Probiotics are unregulated supplements that cannot definitively claim to be the appropriate mixture of bacteria for diverse gut microbiomes, confirm the optimal dosage before adverse events are observed, or provide a number needed to harm as seen in other medical trials. Here, we present a case of a 69-year-old female with multiple comorbidities who presented with weakness and was found to have lactobacillus bacteremia due to bacterial transmigration of pathogens introduced through probiotic consumption. This incident highlights the increasing need for investigation regarding unregulated over-the-counter supplements, specifically probiotics, and their utility and safety. Along with emerging data regarding probiotics and their beneficial but sometimes harmful impact, our case aims to create a dialogue about when the use of adjuvants is appropriate and within which patient populations.
In vivo antimalarial property of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark crude extracts and spectrophotometric evaluation of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic contents
Malaria is endemic to developing countries despite several efforts from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, and this has been attributed to many factors, including resistance to first-line antimalarial drugs. This study, therefore, evaluated phytochemical levels and antimalarial properties of Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum leaf and stem-bark extracted with various solvents as potential future alternative antimalarial drug development. Aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from M. lutea leaf and stem-bark were evaluated for alkaloid, flavonoids, and phenolic levels using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The extracts were further evaluated for antimalarial properties at 100-400 mg/kg on Plasmodium berghei NK65-induced mice using a 4-day test. The ethyl acetate leaf extract (50.8 µg/mg) gave the highest Quercetin Equivalent of Flavonoids (QEF), followed by ethanol and methanol leaf extracts with 46.2 and 47.5 µg/mg QEF, respectively. Methanol exhibited the highest level of Gallic Acid Equivalent of Phenolics (GAEP) with 213.4 µg/mg, while aqueous leaf extract was the lowest with 96.1 µg/mg GAEP. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract, ethanol, and methanol stem-bark extract possessed antimalarial activity with the lowest ED50 of 237.5 and 240.6, 233.8, and 236.6 mg/kg, respectively. The extracts of Markhamia lutea leaf and stem-bark demonstrated antimalarial properties with high contents of phenolic and flavonoid components, while the extracts showed no acute toxicity at the tested doses in the animals studied.
Deciphering nature's secrets: the antibacterial power and phytochemical characterization of six medicinal fern species
Plants have been key in the development of novel antimicrobial agents and other drugs. However, studies on empirical evidence of the antimicrobial properties of plants have largely focused on higher plants while neglecting lower vascular plants, including ferns. This study investigated the antibacterial potency and characterized the phytochemical profile of six fern species originating from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. The antibacterial potency of the extracts was assessed against pathogenic bacteria using the microtiter plate and agar well diffusion assays. Key generic phytochemicals were quantified through Ultra-Violet (UV)-vis spectrophotometric techniques. Fingerprinting of the extraction components was attained using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-based methods. The fern species contain bioactive compounds such as phenolics and saponins, with species such as Dicranopteris linearis giving high yields of such compounds 158.01±0.95 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) mg/g and (479.40±1.07 DE mg/g) of extract, respectively. Fern extracts demonstrated substantial antimicrobial activity against common pathogenic bacteria such as K. pneumonia, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) as low as 0.39% w/v and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations (MBCs) as low as 3.13 w/v for some fern species such as Oleandra distenta, Asplenium friesiorum, Dicranopteris linearis, and Marattia fraxinea. The ethanolic extract of Marattia fraxinea was potent against P. aeruginosa with the highest zones of inhibition of 32.67±0.58mm at 50% w/v concentration while D. linearis and O. distenta aqueous extracts were potent against the gram-positive bacteria with the highest zones of inhibition of 27.7±1.15 and 26.67±1.53 mm, respectively, at 50% w/v concentration. This study has elucidated that extracts of fern species can be effective against common pathogenic bacteria.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Annona senegalensis (wild custard apple) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and formulation of a topical gel
Annona senegalensis is a plant well known as the wild custard apple and has been widely reported for its various medicinal uses. This study investigates the potential of Annona senegalensis extracts as antibacterial agents against common pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The leaves of Annona senegalensis were collected, dried, and ground into fine powder. The ground leaves were extracted using a soxhlet apparatus, and the solvents were methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. A rotary evaporator was used to concentrate the extracts. Phytochemical analysis was carried out to investigate the phytochemicals present in different extracts of Annona senegalensis. The antibacterial activity of Annona senegalensis against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was performed using the agar disc diffusion method. Ciprofloxacin was used as a positive control at different concentrations, and DMSO as a negative control. The topical gel was then formulated using Annona senegalensis leaf extracts, glycerine, and xanthan gum. The results show that Annona senegalensis leaf extracts of ethyl acetate, chloroform, and methanol contain saponins, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, phenol, and alkaloids. However, the ethyl acetate extract of Annona senegalensis exhibited the highest antibacterial activity compared to other extracts. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible. This study indicated that Annona senegalensis can effectively treat bacterial infections like wound infections associated with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and retrospective clinical effectiveness of Kantinka BA and Kantinka Herbaltics, two multi-component-herbal products used in the management of infectious diseases in Ghana
There is an upsurge in the incidence of persons living with infectious diseases and their associated symptoms. Also, there is increased resistance and high cost of available synthetic antimicrobial therapeutic agents. This calls for screening candidate herbal products to examine the risk-to-benefit ratio for users. Moreover, there are inadequate proven scientific studies to assess the quality, effectiveness, and toxicity of herbal products that traditional medicine practitioners in Ghana commonly use for the management of infectious diseases such as those caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Candida albicans and the symptomatic management of symptoms associated with infections like cough, skin infections among others and gastritis. Kantinka BA and Kantinka Herbaltics, two multicomponent herbal products, have been used to manage the above-mentioned disease conditions. The study aims to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity, assess the retrospective clinical effectiveness (clinical responses; the disappearance of presenting signs and symptoms associated with infections, gastritis), and the quality and toxicity of Kantinka BA and Kantinka Herbaltics. The products are registered by the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA). Data on 200 patients who were diagnosed with infectious diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) / Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and associated symptoms from January 2018 to June 2018 was obtained from the Adom Herbal Clinic, and the Tafo Government Herbal Medicine Records Unit was assessed. The antibacterial activity of the products was evaluated using the HT-SPOTi method. Phytochemical screening, microbial load, and pH were carried out according to standard procedures. Acute toxicity was carried out according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline 425. Phytochemical screening, pH, and microbial load have been established for both products. Binding toxicity studies revealed that the products are non-toxic at a 2000 mg/kg dose. The two products exhibited antimicrobial activities against the test organisms with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) determined for Kantinka BA and Kantinka Herbaltics as 5% and 10% and <80, respectively, against C. albicans and N. gonorrhoeae - the signs and symptoms associated with infections disappeared during the management period. The products are safe and may effectively manage some infectious diseases and associated symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2024 the Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anti-amoebic effects of selected herbal extracts against Acanthamoeba species isolated from different borehole water samples from Budiriro District in Harare, Zimbabwe
Acanthamoeba species are the major cause of Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK) of eyes, Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis of the central nervous system, and fatal Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) of the brain in humans. These diseases are difficult to treat due to their resistance to extreme temperatures, pH, alcohol, and pressure. This research aimed to determine the anti-amoebic effects of some selected plant extracts against Acanthamoeba species isolated from borehole water samples from Budiriro District, Harare, Zimbabwe. Acanthamoeba castellannii species were isolated and confirmed present in Budiriro borehole water samples using non-nutrient agar, microscope, real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and gel electrophoresis. The selected plant samples, Murumanyama (Xeroderris stuhlmannii) bark extract, Munhundurwa (Solanum incanum) fruit extract and Mufandichimuka (Myrothamnus flabellifolius) stem and leaf extracts were then investigated for their anti-amoebic effects against the isolated Acanthamoeba castellannii, using agar well diffusion method. Chlorhexidine gluconate antibiotic was used as a control. The results show that Acanthamoeba castellannii is the most common Acanthamoeba species in borehole water in Budiriro District in Harare and all the tested plant samples had no anti-amoebic effects against this isolated Acanthamoeba castellannii.
The emergence of Monkeypox Virus: its complications, connection with smallpox and its future aspects - a short review
Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), a zoonotic orthopox DNA virus related to the smallpox virus, was first identified in humans in 1970. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared monkeypox an "evolving hazard of moderate public health concern" on 23 June 2022. Case reports included in this study showed that all patients with typical rashes and risky sexual behaviour should be encouraged to seek immediate medical attention. If a patient has had sexual contact, a diagnosis of monkeypox should be considered even if the patient does not travel to other countries. According to authentic proof from Africa, smallpox immunization is at least 85% successful at avoiding monkeypox. Given the inadequate health infrastructure in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), it would be extremely challenging to implement vaccination as a regular component of immunization programs. Patients with monkeypox may experience complications, including bacterial superinfection, encephalitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis/keratitis. Seldom-recorded complications incorporate bronchopneumonia, spewing, and corneal scarring, leading to lasting visual deficiency. Lowering the risk of transmission from person to person, reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission, preventing monkeypox by limiting the trade in animals, engaging the LGBTQIA community, and vaccination may reduce and control monkeypox.
Evaluation of antioxidant and neuropharmacological properties of Leea aequata leaves
The Bangladeshi medicinal plant Leea aequata is utilized for many health ailments due to its phenolics and flavonoids; however, its bioactive qualities are unknown. An Ethanolic Extract of Leea aequata (EELA) was tested for antioxidant activity in a controlled lab study. It was also tested on rodents for feelings of depression and anxiety. Hole Board Test (HBT) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) assessed anxiolytic activity in intact mice. The Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) assessed antidepressant action through immobility. DPPH scavenging, total phenolic, and total flavonoid assays assessed in vitro antioxidant capabilities. In the in vitro DPPH scavenging activity model, the half-Inhibition Concentration (IC50) of the plant sample for free radicals is 323.88 μg/mL, which is significant compared to that of ascorbic acid (759.03 μg/mL). The Total Phenol Content (TPC) of 25.78±3.75 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) mg/g of dry extract and the Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 20.19 mg Catechin Equivalent (CAE) per gram of dry extract in the Leea aequata extract were found to be substantial. In the in vivo anxiolytic activity model, EELA showed substantial (p<0.01) anxiolytic efficacy at 400 mg/kg in the EPM test. The test extract's anxiolytic action is shown by the open arm's decreased entry at 400 mg/kg (81.33±13.96). Increased head dipping with strong anxiolytic effects at 400 mg/kg (27±4.04) (p<0.0001) was observed in HBT. In TST, EELA showed greater antidepressant effectiveness at 200 mg/kg (64.33±6.58). In the FST, EELA at 200 mg/kg had the strongest anti-depressant effect (p<0.0001) due to its short immobility period. These results suggest that L. aequata has antioxidant and neuropharmacological properties and is a major antioxidant source. According to considerable research, Leea aequata may reduce oxidative stress, anxiety, and depression.
Current status and future challenges of avian influenza – a literature review
An infectious agent affecting both domestic and wild birds may cause avian influenza. All of them can be transmitted by coming into contact with tainted food, drink, or bird emissions, particularly feces. Numerous clades of H5N1 infections have been circulating since 2003, including one introduced to the United States in 2014 by wild birds, which persisted until 2016. There were 2,240 wild birds found in 45 states and 519 counties in the United States alone by September 14, 2022. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), the predominant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A (H5) virus subtype causing poultry outbreaks worldwide from late 2021 to early 2022 is A (H5N1). Most notifications from wild birds across multiple countries and regions suggest that the virus may have been introduced and spread via uncontrolled bird migration. The primary instance of a goose/Guangdong/1/96-lineage H5 HPAI infection inside the Americas since June 2015 was checked by the later disclosure of an H5N1 HPAI outbreak in Newfoundland, Canada. The avian flu Type A viruses, or bird flu viruses, rarely cause human infection; some bird flu viruses have done so in the past. The HPAI (H5) virus has been persistent in wild bird populations in Europe since the 2020-21 epidemic wave, according to the paper titled “Avian Influenza Overview: March-June 2022.” Even regions like Antarctica had avian influenza cases in 2023-24. Prevention and control can be done by monitoring and reporting outbreaks, preventing avian influenza at its source in animals, banning chicken farms, controlling methodologies, remuneration for ranchers, and vaccination.
Phytochemical composition, biological activities and nutritional aspects of Hylocereus undatus: a review
The most commonly cultivated vine cactus in the Cactaceae family is normally Hylocereus undatus, which would be native to Mexico and America. It is commonly referred to as "dragon fruit" or "pitaya." Additionally, it goes by the name "buahnaga," which means "dragon fruit." In addition to their attractive color, Hylocereus undatus fruits are popular around the world due to their abundance of polyphenolic components and their antioxidant activity. Due to the characteristics, degree of production, and financial benefits of the pitahaya fruit, a member of the Hylocereus genus, more land has been planted in agriculture during the past two decades. Stalks, fruits, and flowers from the plant are used in food and film.
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Conventional medicines used for kidney protection in Bangladesh: a review
To describe the kidney's response to specific substances, such as dangerous compounds and pharmaceuticals, the term "nephrotoxicity" is employed. When the body is subjected to toxins or medications, nephrotoxicity is among the most prevalent side effects. Numerous medical treatments, including anti-cancer medicines, antibiotics, and some Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), can cause nephrotoxicity. This review discusses a variety of drugs that can preserve the kidneys. The nephroprotective qualities of natural substances, medicinal plants, and dietary components have been examined. Medicinal plant chemicals have a significant role in pharmaceutical research. A wide range of herbs has been shown to have nephroprotective effects. Treatment of renal calculi, prevention of diabetic nephropathy, and reduction in tubular damage were all achieved. Plant-based therapies contain phytochemicals that have nephroprotective properties. Plants with nephroprotective activities have been reported on cisplatin, gentamicin, adriamycin, and urolithiasis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester assists in nephrotoxicity and free radicals radical scavenging activity, which may be utilized to prevent and treat kidney damage. In the end, investigating traditional medicines from Bangladesh that contain kidney-protecting plants is an intriguing new avenue of inquiry that could lead to effective new therapies for renal illnesses. Maintaining kidney health and enhancing the lives of countless people is only possible with further investigation into the beneficial effects of plants on renal function. However, it is crucial to find a middle ground between ancient practices and evidence-based modern medicine, stressing the importance of making educated decisions and following expert guidance to guarantee uncompromised kidney health.
Is photodynamic therapy with curcumin suitable for combating monkeypox?
Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic viral infection caused by the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), which may spread person-to-person directly. It is currently being treated with previously intended drugs for smallpox or other diseases caused by the orthopoxvirus, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir, and brincidofovir. The smallpox vaccination is also the treatment for MPX, consisting of Immune Globulin (IG) combined with human plasma. However, this type of vaccine may cause several neurological adverse events such as headache, pain, vertigo, dizziness, and non-serious limb paresthesia. Up to the present, there are no available treatments, Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) may be a good choice for specifically targeting the MPXV because it is a non-invasive approach without side effects. The strategy is according to the principle of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and its photodynamic action of curcumin for the research process on MPX. Why do we apply PDT with "curcumin" as a Photosensitizer (PS) against MPX, and is this a possible choice?
Perspectives, opinions, and commentaries
Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): physiology to pathophysiology and therapeutics including herbal medicines
COVID-19 emerged as a public health emergency of international concern in 2019 and spread globally. The spectrum of the diseases varied from asymptomatic to severe, even resulting in mortality. Gender and pre-existing co-morbidities were identifiable risk factors. Diabetes, hypertension, and chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases pose a risk of severe infections and manifestations. The vulnerability was due to ACE 2 receptors, thereby enhancing the entry and subsequent multiplication of the virus. Immune responses acted as the two-way sword, with cytokine storms posing a risk of severe complications. COVID-19 is also associated with long-term effects varying from neuropsychiatric to other complications. Mutations are expected to pose a challenge in the future. The second wave was also related to fungal infections due to varied causes like side effects of treatment and opportunistic infection due to immune suppression from using steroids. Naturopathy is also expected to work wonders. However, scientific and evidence-based results are required. COVID combat requires a multi-level approach. Nutrition and strict adherence to health and hygiene are essential preventive strategies.
Behavioural studies on crude Ethanol leaf extract of Cadaba farinosa Forssk. in mice
Cadaba farinosa Forssk. (Capparaceae) is found all over the world, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. It is used to treat pain, dysentery, rheumatism, cough, and fever, as well as an antidote and in the treatment of neurological disorders. In mice, the median lethal dose (LD50) of Crude Ethanol leaf Extract (CEE) of Cadaba farinosa was found to be 2154.1 mg/kg body weight. The presence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins was discovered during a preliminary phytochemical analysis of the dark gummy mass crude extract. The CEE was then put through pharmacological testing on mice. In mice, diazepam-induced sleep, beam walking, and hole-board assays were used to investigate behavioral activities. CEE of Cadaba farinosa had no effect on the onset of sleep in mice when given at the tested doses of diazepam. In contrast, it significantly increased sleep duration at all doses tested (75 mg/kg p 0.001, 150 mg/kg p≤0.05, and 300 mg/kg p≤0.01). The CEE significantly (p≤0.01) increased the number of foot slips in the Beam walking assay at a dose of 150 mg/kg. Similarly, diazepam at 0.25 mg/kg increased the number of foot slips significantly (p≤0.001). The extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg and diazepam increased the time required to complete the task significantly (p≤0.05). At 150 mg/kg (p 0.01) and 300 mg/kg (p≤0.05), the hole-board experiment significantly reduced the number of head dips. In contrast, the standard drug (diazepam) had no discernible effect on the number of head dips. These findings suggest that CEE and Diazepam at the highest dose significantly affected the behaviour of mice in the beam walking assay. Thus, the extract showed no activity on the onset of sleep but significantly prolong duration of sleep at the tested doses. The CEE significantly produced a decrease in the exploratory behavioural pattern, indicative of the fact that CEE possesses sedative property.
Evaluation of microbial and sensory properties of flavored yogurt drink produced by Noaea mucronata and liquid smoke treatment
Liquid smoke is more acceptable compared with traditional smoking for various practical and health reasons. This study aimed to investigate the quality attributes of yogurt drink treated with natural and liquid smoke. Yogurt drink samples were divided into four groups; natural smoked, liquid smoked at two concentrations (1 and 2 mL·L-1) and un-smoked control samples. Microbial and sensory attributes of yogurt drink samples were analyzed after 1, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage at 4°C. The final counts of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and molds were significantly lower after the application of 2 mL·L-1 liquid smoke compared to control samples. Moreover, lactic acid bacteria of yogurt drink were not inhibited by natural smoke or 1 mL·L-1 liquid smoke treatments. According to the sensory evaluation and microbiological analysis, application of 1 mL·L-1 of liquid smoke in yogurt drink is the most appropriate and convenient alternative to the traditional smoking method.
Macrophage supernatant infected with Leishmania major mediates the cytology of fibroblast cells in skin wounds
Objective: Healing of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis relies on the effective and modulates protective immune responses. Although the immune system is necessary to eliminate the parasite, it could be considered as the main cause of ulcers. Therefore, main aim of this study was to explore the possible regulatory functions of macrophage supernatant infected with Leishmania major on the fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, different concentrations of infected macrophage supernatant extract (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250μg/mL) were tested at different times (6, 24, 48, and 72h) and the effect of the leishmanicidal extract on fibroblast cells was determined by MTS assay. Also, the flow-cytometry technique was used for the investigation of apoptosis induction percentage. Results: MTS assay showed that the leishmanicidal effect of infected macrophage supernatant extract was dependent on the concentration and the time of treatment. So, the best efficacy was observed in 200 μg/mL with 72 hours exposure time. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the infected macrophage supernatant extract could induce apoptosis in cultured fibroblasts. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that reduction of survival rate and induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts displayed a similar manner to keratinocytes when exposed to infected macrophages with L. major. Our data suggest that such a phenomenon can be the underlying cause of lesions with scarring, and future, the mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Dermatophytes, dermatophytosis in the Caribbean and potential for herbal therapy
Introduction: Dermatophytes are a group of morphologically related keratinophilic fungi that invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and warm-blooded animals to produce clinical lesions (dermatophytosis). Clinical lesions are traditionally divided according to the site infected, namely, scalp (tinea capitis), feet (tinea pedis, commonly called “athletes’ foot”), groin, inner thighs, or buttocks (tinea cruris, commonly called “jock itch”), beard (tinea barbae), hands (tinea manuum, toe nails or finger nails (tinea unguium, also called onychomycosis), face, non-bearded area (tinea faciei) and other parts of the body, such as arms, abdomen, or legs (tinea corporis). Dermatophytosis is common world-wide and is caused by species of three genera of dermatophytes, namely Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. This study presents an update of ecology of different species of dermatophytes and epidemiology of infections caused by them in the Caribbean. Possibility of herbal therapy of these infections as an alternative treatment is also dealt with. Methods: A thorough search of literature was made using PubMed, MEDLINE, Biomed Lib, Med Facts, and different sets of key words, viz. dermatophytes, tineas in Caribbean, occurrence in animals, soil etc. Results: It was revealed that incidence of dermatophytic infections and their epidemiologic characteristics depend on social, geographic, and environmental factors and may change with passage of time. For instance, prior to year 2000, the major cause of tinea capitis in North America for 100 years was Microsporum canis followed by M. audouinii; Since 1950 Trichophyton tonsurans has advanced from Mexico and the Caribbean to be currently a major cause of tinea capitis in North America. The two dermatophytes Microsporum gypseum and M. fulvum, and several Chrysosporium species have been frequently isolated form soils in different countries in the Caribbean. Conclusions: There is almost complete lack of information on human infections due to dermatophytes in several Caribbean countries. The preponderant occurrence of M. fulvum in Anguilla soils with comparatively rare isolation of M. gypseum is a significant observation. The need for further epidemiological studies on dermatophyosis in the Caribbean countries cannot be overemphasized.
An iridoid, lamiide, its extraction method from Phlomis bruguieri, and evaluation of its antioxidant capacity
Phlomis bruguieri is a native plant in Iran, which deserves phytochemical study. The aim of this study was evaluation of its iridoid contents along with its antioxidant capacity. Aerial parts of the plant material were extracted with methanol and applied on repeated normal column chromatography using hexane: chloroform (70:30), chloroform: methanol (90:10), and methanol (100%). The fraction eluted with methanol (100%) containing polar glycosides was selected and medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) on a RP-18 cartridge. Fraction elute by MeOH: water 30:70 was loaded on HPLC on RP-18 column for final purification. Structure elucidation was done using 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectra. Antioxidant activity including total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and FRAP methods were designated to assess the in vitro antioxidant capacities. This study indicated the presence of lamiide as iridoid compound in the aerial parts of Phlomis bruguieri for the first time in this plant [350 mg/2 kg; 0.0175 % (w/w)]. Lamiide showed moderate antioxidant activity using TAC (EC50: 55 μg/mL; ascorbic acid EC50: 7.5 μg/mL), DPPH (EC50: 116.2 ± 3.51 μg/mL; ascorbic acid:34.7 ± 0.97 μg/mL), and FRAP (EC50:>200 μg/mL; quercetin: 7.5 ± 0.68 μg/mL) methods.
Treatment of urinary tract infections with medicinal plants: Monographs of some plants species revealed by traditherapists
Medicinal plants are a precious heritage for humanity and especially for the majority of poor communities in developing countries who depend on them for primary health care and livelihoods. They are used in traditional practices against urinary tract infections without any scientific evidence for most of the species used. This work aims to have a summary of the literature on some medicinal plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. To do this, this study was carried out based on the different medicinal plants cited by herbalists in southern Togo against urinary tract infections. The names of these different plants have each been the subject of research with keywords in search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, FreefullPdf, and others to bring out the traditional use of these plants in the world. From all of the above, it appears that the medicinal plant species cited by actors of the Togolese pharmacopoeia are used to treat several diseases in the world. The organs of these plants, such as leaves, bark, and roots are used in the treatment of common illnesses such as typhoid fever, diarrhea, malaria, bronchitis, and hypofertility. Coughs, colds, skin diseases, toothache, gonorrhoea, viral infections, and many other diseases are treated with these plants. The plants are often combined with other plants in traditional medicine. They are used in the form of decoction, fumigation, herbal tea, and others. The type of disease treated by the plants changes from region to region and is also dependent on the culture of the region in the world. The use of medicinal plants is a very ancient practice. It is a very suitable alternative to modern medicine. However, there is a need to have more detailed studies on these plants, such as their toxicological effects.
Usage of Oldenlandia diffusa for skin diseases and skin-care
Dear Editor, Oldenlandia diffusa (Bai Hua She She Cao) is a common herb in traditional Chinese medicine. (...)
Comparative analysis of the Immunoglobulin G antibodies (IgG and IgG subclass) responses in children (≤15 years) with severe and uncomplicated malaria in Buea, South West region, Cameroon
Studies assessing the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses in severe malaria are not readily available. This study was designed to compare the IgG and IgG1-4 antibody responses in severe malaria and its major clinical presentations (cerebral malaria, severe malarial anemia and respiratory distress) in children (≤15 years) in Buea, Cameroon. In a hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study, children presenting for consultation at the outpatient department/Emergency unit of the Buea Regional Hospital were enrolled and assigned into one of three groups: severe malaria, uncomplicated malaria and negative controls. Baseline characteristics were determined; blood glucose level was measured by glucometer, complete blood count was performed using an automated heamatology analyser and participants were screened for malaria parasites by light microscopy and severe malaria was categorized based on WHO criteria. Total IgG and IgG1-4 antibodies were measured using standard ELISA with Plasmodium falciparum 19-KDa C-terminal region of merozoite surface protein 1 (P.fMSP-119) antigen as capture antigen. A total of 236 participants were enrolled comprising: 66 severe malaria, 70 uncomplicated malaria and 100 negative controls. The participants in the different groups were similar with regards to their ages (p=0.06) and gender (p=0.900). Children with severe malaria had significantly higher levels of anti-P.fMSP-119 IgG4 (p<0.0001) antibodies and significantly lower levels of anti-P.fMSP-119 IgG1 (p<0.0001) and IgG3 (p<0.0001) antibodies. There was no significant variation in the IgG antibody responses between the major clinical forms of severe malaria. The study finding of significantly higher levels of the non-cytophilic antibody IgG4 is suggestive of the role the antibody plays in the pathogenesis of severe malaria. Larger studies investigating how these immune effector cells vary in the major phenotypes of severe malaria are recommended.
Erratum - Dermatophytes, dermatophytosis in the Caribbean and potential for herbal therapy
This corrects the article entitled "Dermatophytes, dermatophytosis in the Caribbean and potential for herbal therapy" by the author Harish C. Gugnani published with DOI: doi:10.4081/idhm.2020.96
Infection status of hydatid cysts in Iran: A review
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant zoonosis, and is endemic in some parts of the world including Iran. Hydatid cyst in Iran has been studied from different aspects and has been reported from most parts of the country. But there is no comprehensive report on the appearance of pollution in the country. This study was conducted to investigate the approximate status of infection from 1985 to 2019. In this review article, various reports on hydatid cysts were collected from 1985 to 2019. According to three criteria, i.e. the rate of infection of dogs with adult worms, the rate of infection of livestock, and the rate of infection of humans with hydatid cysts, the articles were summarized and presented to approximate the status of infection in Iran. In this study, the average infection among 11593 dogs was estimated to be 11.28%. In the case of livestock, according to this review, the maximum infection of sheep was in Ardebil with 74.4%, goats and cattle were in Sari with 37.8% and 40.1%, camels in Khorasan Razavi with 40.40%, and Tabriz had the highest amount of infection in buffaloes. Out of 70907 people tested, the summary of seroepidemiological studies shows that the average infection in humans is 5.57%. The information obtained from this review article shows that despite the efforts of health organizations and veterinary organizations, the rate of infection in Iran is still high compared to some countries.
A review of the effect of medicinal plant on helminthic infections
Nowadays, parasitic worm infection is one of the most critical global health problems. Worm infections cause severe detriments to the livestock industry and also it can cause irreparable damages to immunocompromised persons. Therefore, the present study aimed to review conducted research on the treatment of worm diseases using medicinal plants’ extract. In this systematic review, seven databases including 4 English (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Magiran, ISC, SID) were obtained between 2008 and 2020 to evaluate conducted studies related to the aim of the current review. Most of the studies focused on the Balanites aegyptiaca and Carica papaya plant. Water was the most common solvent (38.1%) and then it was methanol. The most studied parasite was Haemonchus contortus (35.5%), followed by Aacharidia galli (10.5%). Studies showed that plant extracts could reduce effect of worm infections in the host compared to synthetic drugs. Plant extracts can produce a medicine based on natural compounds and effective on worms with fewer side effects than synthetic drugs.
A review of giardiasis and its parasite genotypes in Iran
Giardia lamblia is one of the most prevailing intestinal protozoa in many vertebrates like humans, domestic and wild animals. Molecular studies show that Giardia lamblia is a complex parasite. Currently, giardiasis disease is one of the main problems of social and personal health in different countries around the world. Giardia is known as a zoonotic parasite that is divided into eight genetic assemblages (A to H). In this review study, by referring to the molecular epidemiology of Giardia lamblia and emphasizing its zoonotic factors, the background of Giardia and its genotypes in Iran have been studied. The study population consisted of indexed articles in reputable databases such as Scopus, Magiran, SID, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar in Iran from 1990 to 2020. Based on limited studies in Iran, assemblage BIII and AII are the most common types of Giardia assemblages. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive studies on various human and animal isolates in different areas of the country, especially places where no researches have been done.
Dried seahorse in traditional medicine: A narrative review
Seahorses are classified as members of Syngnathidae family, which includes pipefishes, pipehorses, and seadragons. China, including Hong Kong, uses 250 tons of seahorses as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) every year. It is popular in Traditional Medicines (TM) especially TMC and its derivatives. The TCM formulations of dried seahorse strengthens the kidney and enhances immunity to treat the aging process. Base on the molecular biology analysis, S6 ribosomal protein gene, S7 ribosomal protein gene, and the S20 ribosomal protein gene have been identified in dried seahorses, which help to reduce the cough symptoms. The present mini-review discusses the background of the use of dried seahorses, the TCM theory, the TCM formulations, the molecular biology, and analysis of its usage in traditional medicine.
Could Scutellaria barbata D. Don be used for treating lung cancer and SARS-CoV-2?
Dear Editor, Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SBD) is a perennial herb and belongs to the “Lamiaceae” family. This is widely used in China for a long time as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Based on the TCM theory, SBD is in the category of “Heat-Clearing”. Its functions are to remove heat and detoxification, disperse blood stasis and diuresis. [...]
Medicinal herbs: The missing link to sustainable aquaculture
Aquaculture, given its direct role in the human diet, mandates strict quality assurance and health protocols. Healthy fish require a strong immune system to defend themselves from a broad spectrum of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Stimulating the immune system is a prevalent measure taken to ensure satisfactory immune response and disease control. Measures against disease outbreaks are available, such as chemoprophylaxis with vaccines, chemical therapeutics, and antibiotics. All of which, alongside their benefits, pose certain risks to the fish’s habitat and itself. Natural substances extracted from herbs or their parts (roots, leaves, etc) tend to be the most effective therapeutics with the least adverse effects. In this study, natural remedies have been discussed as a potent method of preventive care in aquaculture.